[Core] Update mpaland/printf to eyalroz/printf fork (#16163)

mpaland printf implementation was abandoned in ~2019 and the fork by
eyalroz is now regarded to be the goto replacement of it. So this commit
incoporates the changes needed to use this fork in QMK.

Note that pointer ptrdiff_t is always supported since commit
51c90f93a97fdaef895783ecbe24569be0db7cb8

quantum/logging/print.c

@@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ void print_set_sendchar(sendchar_func_t send) {
     func = send;
 }
 
-void _putchar(char character) {
+void putchar_(char character) {
     func(character);
 }